Search the world with 36 nations plus UN plus IMF agreeing with china that coastal ports and railRoads link over 90% of world trade $BR0 china

#BR12 UN IMF #BR1 japan far east isles asean10 Malaysia #BR2 Bangladesh india Pakistan #BR3 Russia #BR4 central euro/asia #Br5 west euro Italy Switzerland #BR6 n america #BR7 UAE mideast #BR8 med sea nations #BR9 africa - egypt rwanda #BR10 Latin AM #BR11 Arctic/polar

archives #TheEconomist A public list by macrae

www.bri.school BRIMAGINE 2000 moon race 1 2 lists: 5000 people cooperating on a SD goal round an app or microfranchises linking in millennials livelihoods @ every community: @obamauni -map www 13 trading coastal Belts & Continent Roads- integrate 17 sdgs poverty museums

bri.school

A public list by macrae @obamauni

BRImagine 2000 moon races on earth: bri.school with lists @obamauni search maps: top 13 sdg trading coastal Belts & Continent Roads- examples of 13 BRImagine maps - "moon race" to sustain half world's girls look at linkin china and south asia #BR2, to sustain mother earth look at youth communities across arctic circle #Br12 - for your kids to value sustainability celebrities why not ask celebrities to linkin #BR1 yoko ono and MaOlympics to help make universityofstars.tv500 more valuable than WallStreet500- to help translate moon race on earth listings look at next column

More lists by @obamauni

· View all

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top Belt Road Maps of 2018 s Entrepreneurial networks best cases in China & Bangla:
NATURES CHILDREN:
BillionGirlsBoys ask: can every banker/educator see their trust in Belt Road's top 100 stories.. Is Trump King Canute? Valueless is The economist whose world trade maps fail poorest billion youth's livelihoods in our children's worldwide

THE DC SPRING 2018
(BRI) Belt Road Imagineering is now trusted by 70 national leaders as empowering the sustainbility generation- which of these 100 stories can help bankers or educators near you join in to this system for mapping win-win trades aligned to the sustainability goals generation? portal 1

catalogue world record jobs creators by 13 BRI maps- tour BR clubs- EWTP celebrate first people freed by e-commerce and jack ma

.BRI.school map top 13 sdg world trade routes 0 inside china, 1 East-Belt,
2 South-Belt; 3NorthBelt
4 centre eurasia &E.Euro; 5WEuro 6 N.Am; 7 MidEast8MedSea 9Africa 10LatinAm11 Arctic Circle 12UN-urgent....

BELT Road quiz

Belt quiz is about earth's seas and coastal belt - which coastal belt is your country most dependent on, does if have a superport connecting maps of world favorite superports, do your peoples have access to this superport (nb we recommend analysing countries imprt and exports by 1 energy, 2 all other goods
Road quiz : what are your continents longest roads (designed as including all of railroad or car-road, pipes for energy, water, sanitaion; tech cables)- do your peoples have access to the great roads

technology now permis us to play game: which peoples have been most deprived by accidents of history to basic belt road freedoms- among 10 most populated nations no people have been less included than those in bangladesh- tell us where else you map.....................

...

today BRAC.net offers the livelihood learning network poorest billion communities need most - 40 years ago

online library of norman macrae--.........................Entrepreneurial Revolution - curriculum: how to value small enterprise and sustainability exponentials of net generation - by alumni of Norman Macrae The Economist 1968. By 1976, Norman best news ever: the fifth of the world (whose brand reality is) Chinese can be valued by netgen as critical friends to uniting sustainability race for planet and humanity

eg EWTP : 21st C version of Silk Road of celebrated by Marco Polo and Hangzhou goal 14 oceansAIIB 1 ted hosts -- 2017 year of mapping sustainability banking -china to commercialize 5g by 2020 -valuing culture -jack ma 1 2e3 .Chinathanks.com maps 1) countries joining Chinese inspired sustainability open systems solutions as well as 2) which global youth professions (eg coding) are mapping value sustaining trades with china

Sunday, June 30, 2013

belt 6 north america

06/06/2017: Trump’s infrastructure plan & 2017 SCO Summit

14 hours ago
111 views

US President Donald Trump has outlined a 1-trillion-US-dollar infrastructure plan to reinvigorate the economy. But can this draw ...

What investment chances and challenges can US offer China?

15 hours ago
257 views

US President Donald Trump has unveiled a trillion-dollar plan focusing on the infrastructure of the nation, with many hoping the ...

may 2017 publication of 100 day reswarch on possible win-wins US-china -cheng li video

1 june 2017 trump decision on climate

U.S. business is best served by a stable and practical framework facilitating an effective and balanced global response. The Paris Agreement provides such a framework. As other countries invest in advanced technologies and move forward with the Paris Agreement, we believe the United States can best exercise global leadership and advance U.S. interests by remaining a full partner in this vital global effort.

Sincerely,

Adobe
Apple
Blue Cross Blue Shield of Massachusetts
Danfoss
Facebook
Gap, Inc.
Google
The Hartford
Hewlett Packard Enterprise
Ingersoll Rand
Intel Corporation
Johnson Controls
Levi Strauss & Co.
Mars Incorporated
Microsoft
Morgan Stanley
National Grid
PG&E Corporation
Royal DSM
Salesforce
Schneider Electric
Tiffany & Co.
Unilever
VF Corporation

China, California sign deal to tackle climate issues

12 hours ago
162 views

The government of California said on Tuesday it will cooperate with China on clean technology, emissions trading and other ...

President Xi eyes bigger role for California in China-US cooperation

CGTN
- 7 hours ago
- 172 views
Chinese President Xi Jinping on Tuesday called on California to play a bigger role in promoting exchanges and cooperation ...
- NEW

No comments:

win-win trading partnership clusters:.

US-Sino friends/foundation C100 ; Chao family

networks 1 foremost ;; Hainan; Valuetrue.com asks:

Apart from China, do you know any nations or

places that are helping under 30s

be the sustainability generation

-rsvp isabella@unacknowledgedgiant.com

China's Economic Growth Labs: Beijing: Shanghai; Greater Bay Area : Shenzen, Hong Kong; Guangzhou; Cross-Straits : Taiwan and mainland;

China's youth economies any virtual future's possible if we value sustainability goals and win-win partnerships ; Hangzhou; Belt Road developng nations shared funds, Banking networks of BRICS/AIIB; main poverty labs - rural china; main green labs to come

Diary of Summits to send peoples jobs ambassadors to AIIB Mumbai June 2018; G20 Argentina July 2018; Brics + and new dev bank South Africa Sept 2018; World Bank @ Indonesia Oct 2018 - you tell us chris.macrae@yahoo.co.uk

EDUCATION FUELS BELT ROAD ECONOMY WIN-WINS & SUSTAINABILITY GEN

BELT ROAD : over 30 nations and major multilateral leaders (eg UN, World Bank, IMF) attended the first belt road summit beijing may 2017 (BR origin 2013; related concept1996); main updates biannual-India, Brazil, China, Russia, S Africa + Mexico Egypt Thailand Guinea Tajikstan. At China G20, China debated best multi-win ideas for 21st youth productivity - that Adam Smith or Maynard Keynes would score.

Belt Road is agreed by cpc19 OCT 2017 to be core to china dream and jinping goal to be a leading environmental civilisation and worldwide partner in sustainability goals

JAN

help find and develop 10 missing curricula of creating 3 billion jobs for under 30s

examples:

#1 the new geo-development curriculum - one belt- with at least 11 regional blog update maps by and with youth

#2 english, chinese as second languages - 10 times more affordable to learn - whats not needed is perfect standard curricula - whats needed is maximising peer to peer practice and self-confidence - easy to do everywhere except inside classrooms! other mother tongued too once we have worked out networking formats more at www.w4esummit.com

DEC

STORY OF GREEN BIG BANG CLUB

picture this amy and pro-youth/girls mediators

go to a summit on a korean island

hosted by 10 investment banking people jinping has chosen including 1 brit who have been ordered to find (host annual open space directed toward attracting) tens of trillion dollars of missing finds for sustainability

80 nations delegations who dont know what a serial summit of future of green infratsructure banking is about but have been told by their national leaders to attend to

DEC

www.gateway17.com

the most exciting 3000 person one day masterclass anyone from 10 up could attend - uniting the future of all jack ma's work and chinese friendship exchanges worldwide www.worldcitizen.tv with in this case such a pro-youth national leader ar justin trudeau - wow do i wish every family could live in toronto- and experience its belief in youth ; how is that canada with China is in love with innovating 21st C with its youth wjereas usa in some sort of spiral to the bottom drowni

DEC

thanks for remembering Entrepreneurial rsvp isabella@unacknowledgdedgiant.com

DEC

CHANGING EDUCATION

here's our 2024 vision of learning in a networked world as seen from 1984 - in the west we seem further away than ever ; in countries that value youth most like china there's a chance students and teachers will get here; we were assuming that countries would transform education with processes like the 1960 moon race - ie thousands of brains collaboratively networked to redesign open learning content and go all out for designing the web as the smartest media humans had ever op

VALUETRUE.com

Can the 'Great Green Wall' stop desertification in China?

FRANCE 24 English

31K views

4 days ago

Can you help Mediate Human Sustainability's 17 Goals – Collaboration NOW

11 Development Belts – One world youth -rsvp chris.macrae@yahoo.co.uk

10 South America 9 Africa 8 Med sea 7 Middle East and ‘stans

6 N America 5 West Europe 4 North East Europe

3 Russia and Region 2 India subcontinent

1 China and East Hemisphere 0 China

...

AIIB: over 80 nations sent delegations to discuss new develpment banking partnership model of AIIB started 2016; main updates annual -next summit mumbai june 2018

Tajikistan D-U border road

Bangladesh energy distribution

Pakistan National motorway m4

Indonesia slum upgrading

Pakistan tarbela hydropower extension

Myanmar myingyan power plant

Oman preparing railway to link superport

Oman duqm port and science park

Azerbaijan Anatolian hna gas pipeline

Indonesia Reg Inv Proj1

Indonesia Dam op improvement

Bangaldesh natural gas infrastructure

Georgia batumi road

India power for all

India infrastructure fund

Tajikstan Nurek hydro power

India Gufarat rural roads

egypt first project -solar annnounced sept 2017

multi-hemisphere new development banking started by BRICS (annual meetings since 2009/)- each BRICS invites guests- at 2017 summit hosted by china: south america represented by brazil and mexico; africa represented by south africa, egypt and head of african union from guinea; eurasia represented additionally by tajikstan, asean represented by thailand

SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organisation anounced 15 june 2001 shangai, china: by leaders of china Kazakhistan Kyrgyzstan, Russia ,Tajikstan, uzbekistan, ; with exception of later had been members of Shanghain 5 since 1996; india and pakistan joined as full members of SCO in 2017. Annual meetings.

Asean is one of the oldest of regional formats.

G20 started in 2008 as more diversel atlernative than G7 (the indsutrial age's developed nations). Youth and citizen networks are inckuded in year-round agenda setting though summit actions vary a lot by host. Chihna G20 in 2016 was largely about sustainability chalenges; germany's G20 in 2017 about big politics- what wil argentina g20 in 2018 and Japan G20 in 2019 be about

How do tese and other places leaders summits connect with eg tech summits and green summits?

Shaanxi villagers fondly recall Xi Jinping's time there as an 'educated ...

www.globaltimes.cn/content/1026762.shtml

Jan 2, 2017 - Xi Jinping spent seven years as an "educated youth" in Liangjiahe village, Shaanxi Province While there, he led the villagers in accomplishing ...

Book highlights Xi's seven years in Shaanxi village- China.org.cn

www.china.org.cn › China › Nation

2 days ago - A newly published book of the seven years that President Xi Jinping spent at a poor villagefour decades ago has gained popularity soon after ...

Beijing International Publishing Forum -2017 BRI (Belt Road Initiative)

Cui Yuying addresses Beijing publishing forum | english ...english.scio.gov.cn/2017-08/23/content_41460181.htm

Cui Yuying calls on greater international cooperation on publishing to help build the Belt and Road during the 2017 Beijing International Publishing Forum on Aug. 22.

Published on Jul 12, 2017

China's Belt and Road Initiative is unarguably the defining economic and political dynamic shaping the future of the planet, despite the howls of denial coming from the archaic Western press. Xi Jinping's 2013 announcement of the Belt and Road Initiative took the world by surprise, but to Lyndon and Helga LaRouche, it was a victory in a forty year long fight to create a new international economic order. Bill Jones of EIR magazine tells the history of China's economic miracle responsible for lifting 600 million of its citizens out of poverty (not to mention the millions more in countries working with the BRI), and the role of Lyndon and Helga LaRouche's decades long promotion of a World Land-Bridge concept that paved the way for China's initiative.

The Secret of China's Economic Miracle

4 weeks ago
11,173 views

China's Belt and Road Initiative is unarguably the defining economic and political dynamic shaping the future of the planet, ..

Congrats to PLA 90 - 3000 un peackeepers is amazing - first overseas base djibouti

Thanks shenzen - and other winwin- supercities

thanks belt-road and other summits turning national leaders crisis debates into youth jobs-education curricula

Quarter Billion Thanks to TW and CGTN

Thanks jack ma for starting global youth debate- what are youth's 10 most valuable economies that 20th c mindsets and metrics dont value at all

lets belt mapping wake up development banking: AIIB new development bank newly conscious roles of foreign direct investment both by soe and private companies

recommended content sources - video - cgtn with tian wei world insight ; closer to china with kuhn -silk road fund

CGTN - the point Belt Special

special CGTN selections Yang Rui 1

general cgtn youtube uploads

CGTN crossover

CGTN Africa

CGTN BELT end poverty going global

bloomberg special

Malaysia ...canada .. italy .. thailand ... philippines ... latin america ,, hubs Ethiopia &

latest 2 dec 2016 thanks Gezhouba , Chaoyang Beijing from Bangladesh - Gezhouba partnership (partners Asain Development bank, French Aid) in constructing Bangladesh's first mass transit system -

EWTP -Electronic World Trade Platform freeing market for ever goodwilled small enterprise?

Alibaba's Jack Ma to Propose Electronic World Trade Platform at G20 Summit

Goodwill news from Canada - Don Tapscot is Canada's hero of valuingyouth- see eg - don tapscot video 2016-blockchain gives us anopther kick at the chain of value or transcript - unrivalled by anything since the internet itself began (2012 transcript value open); Trudeau is the G20's youngest leader and who announced at 2016's Hangzhou Consensus on Sustainability Collaborations a pioneering partnership of a Candian youth pavilion at Jack Ma's Ali Baba; Canada is also the number 1 international supporter of the Coder's hub 1776.

Goodwill news from Bangladesh- From mid 1970s China celebrated the greatest end poverty race of any nation able to tap into almost unlimited inward investment(China Diaspora was already richest in the world). From mid 1970s Bangladesh started the most inspired 100 million plus population race to end poverty starting from next to no financial funds. If a global university curriculum of ending poverty could be initiated as Sino-Bangladesh inspiration- that would be cause one of the greatest net generation celebrations.

WHY China #1 at ValuingYouth?

China's one sixth of the world started learning win-win entrepreneurship in 1976 (before that all business was state owned). Moreover sustainability is geogtraphically critical to china as one half of the world lives on 10% of planet withing 3000 miles of beijing. Moreover the greatest sustainability apps are designed by youth who want a solution to win-win everywhere. To prevent the net generation from applying a sustainability solution because it was not invented here is not only untrustworthy its literally illogical wherever a trade such as multiplying knowhow in use is way above zero sum of the industrial age's consuming up of things

Help us compile top 20 of sustainability's most purposeful (marketsreality) entrepreneurs who value being chinese as well as globally local

chris.macrae@yahoo.co.uk washington dc text 240 316 8157
china development and collaboration 5 by 5 by 5

What happened to Yunus top 10 concepts of ending Ultra Poverty

invitation to colleges to play world record jobs game................................................................................................

youth-top 20 china4sustainability entrepreneurs searches eg HANGZHOU: Ali Baba- Jack ma,

BEIJING: Baidu,Lenovo,Xiaomi,JD.com, DHgate ..BADDING..DALIANLUCHE..NANJING.. SHANGHAI. NoahWealth, Yihaodian .CHANGSHA:Broad, Sany..JINJIANG..SHENZHEN:Tencent

youth funds 1 -branson uni partners 1

ali baba youth funds 1

======================================

Scotland is the home space for leadership of the greatest #learninggeneration . No small nation and worldwide diaspora network is more eneregtic fan of china's proposal that all 21st youth schooling needs freedom of access to 3 universal languages - Chinese, English, coding maths- why? With additional thanks to Adam's moral systems curricula started 1748 -energised today by Glasgow University's 2 greatest living alumni Sir Fazle Abed and Gordon Brown.

DC 10-year resident Jim KIm is unequalled (amongst American nationals from North Korea or any other origin) in supporting China's best system designs for ending poverty.I kept asking Jack Ma about how he came with these ideas and what his motivation was—I was so impressed – I came back to the world bank and I asked my whole team a very simple question- have we taken into account the ali baba factor in how we think about everything we do because if ali baba is the way to develop the world then we might not be doing the right things at at all Kim is also the greatest supporter of transformational young professions. He has 30 years of actioning the greatest youth exchanges for health from boston to haiti to peru to russian prisons to rwanda and most recently end Ebola collaborations. Kim wonders which other young professional movements eg engineers without borders will support his transformational foucus for youth jobs #2030now . Maryland (starting with Black Inner City Baltimore) has some extraordinary experimental youth empowerment labs connecting the hi-trust and brilliant SME entrepreneurially open system maps of Jack ma, Jim Kim and Pope Francis. It would be fitting if freedopm and happiness is returned by what black youth colaboratively action network around the central belt in america's east coast- mapping Baltimore's renaissance as a 21st C superport and green meta-collaboration lab that the Chesepeake needs to be as the largest freshwater estuary in the world.

ChinaThanks.com welcomes you to our concise future history of china entrepreneurs and sustainability's greatest innovators - a curriculum every 5th grade teachers should enjoy updating

-related curricula - valuing youth, QuarterBillionGirls

yours aye, isabella@unacknowledgedgiant.com

STORY

back in the 1990s i helped develop the genre of how to globally brand (and valuation metrics) the most humanly sustaining purpose your organisation could possibly serve

SOMETHING NOT RIGHT AT HARVARD ever since Theodore Levitt parted

unfortunately i then spent several years finding that the world largest western organisations or their professions wanted no such thing -when i gave my one and only lecture at harvard as i was told you may be correct but marketing faculty would never get funds for such research so go away

so i have always been looking to leap beyond an organisation and statt up worldwide youth debates on what could be the most valuable purpose of sector xx -

the book suggests that many of the biggest entrepreneurs in china actually ask themselves what our sectotrs greatest future fir improving human lot

notably it could be be particularly timely to encourage youth to debate the future of buildings

these are extracts from changsha's story that i love and feel he ,might be up for sponsoring such a global youth competition:

age 54 Changsha's Zhang Yue is one of china's veteran entrepreneurs

in 1998 he started a boiler making business with 3000$ borrowed from friends

over next 2 decades he became one of the world's leading manufactireres of non-electric air conditioners-particularly fir factories and large buildings

in late 1990s zhang visited air conditionaing installations all over the world looking for innovations

these trips led him to see that advances in creating energy-efficient buildings from beter air conditioning was quite limited in scope

what was needed to improve building themselves- he was particularly inspired by what he saw in germany and japan and set his engineers in china on designing such buildings

second epithany came in 2008 when earthquake killed 80000 people; -cities had to be rebuilt and integrating everything Zhang discovered that he could create 5 times more efficient energy buildings than the classical tower blocks still being built in china

he developed prefabricated building units that could be combined into low energy environmentally friendly buildings in astonishingly short ties - see the 30 story hotel he built in 15 days

In 2012 Zheng announced his vision sky city- changsha can have the world's tallest and most energy efficient building demonstrating all of his learning

the greatest entrepreneurs in china, and worldwide (listing inspired by Edwards Tse's China's Disruptors)
wave 3 internet companies founded 1995-2000
Jack Ma (Hangzhou) Ali Baba (taobao, alipay) - redesigned retail channels so that every small enterprise has an opportunity- supported this with digital cash alipay and various algorithm partnerships analysing big data to sustain citizens and villagers

Robin Li Baidu
Pony Ma Tencent Shenzhen

=================
Zhang Yue - Changsha - sustainable properties/cities - next project world's tallest building

Ren Zhengfei, Huawei, Shenzhen, leading manufacturer of of mobile and fixed-line telecom network equipment

Yang Yuanqing, Lenovo, Beijing and Morrisville (nc), number 1 in selling computers and in top 5 with smartphones

Li Shufu, Geely Auto, Hangzhou, China's largest automaker (recently acquired Volvo!)

Lei Jun serial entrepreneur with huge skill in crowdfunding, Beijing, Xiaomi - currently competing with samsung on smartphones

Diane Wang founder global business to business web dhgate.com, beijing, after joyo.com online bookstore founded lei jun but sold to amazon

Yu Gang, Yihaodian, online supermarket for urban Chinese daily needs- previously majority owned by wamlart -Y has been sold to jd.com for 5% stake in jd- ie Walmart wants a direct partnership with online but not to operate it
-more coming soon

Xu Lianjie, Hengan International, Jinjiang - beat off procter and gable to be leading manufacturer of paper and diaper products

Chen Haibin , Zhejiang Dian Diagnostics, Shenzhen, medical labs

Wang Jingbo, Noah Wealth Management signed up over 50000 of china's wealthiest to form country's leading private wealth management company

Leaders with purpose -examples quoted from edward tse's book china's disruptors (PP62-64)- the notion that business people should have a wider purpose than making money explains the widespread lack of interest in the trappings of wealth among china's richest business people. While Ma is the most publicly vocal advocate of china facing up to environmental damage accompanying financial growth, he ios not alone. Changsha's Zhang Yue, the ceo of the air conditioning and construction company broad group has emerged as a major figure advocating the adoption of economic policies aimed at making china's development ecologically sustainable. Huang Nubo founder of beijing-based property and resort--developer Zhongkun has raised concerns about the damage being done to china's social fabric.Rapid economic development has led to inequality and declining social mobility especially for migrant workers who have left the countryside to find work in the cities. If you don't create channels for people to rise and dont tackle issues of fairness or a lack of legal knowledge, then you create a society with a large underclass that's poor and a society that's unsustainable. China's top entrepreneurs embody the best elements of their country's culture.

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,

IT BEGAN in London’s early morning darkness, on June 24, when the British public’s vote to exit the European Union was confirmed. Exhausted but jubilant, Vote Leave advocates could feel their fingers on history. At their headquarters, one leader leapt onto a table and recited a passage from Shakespeare’s Henry V: “This story shall the good man teach his son.”

At the other end of the Eurasian supercontinent, another Shakespeare aficionado was rehearsing his own remarks. Jin Liqun, founding president of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and a lifelong student of Western literature, had a few hours before kicking off the organization’s first annual meeting at the China World Hotel in Beijing. They had embarked on a “historical journey,” Jin told the audience, “towards building a new type [of] multilateral financial institution.” Officials from the United States, who declined to join the AIIB, were not in attendance.

The Bard himself could hardly have set up greater dramatic tension. Yet the contrasting scenes confirm the widespread view that today’s Western-led order is stumbling as its lead actors—notably, the United States and United Kingdom—look inward. China’s increasing importance in global affairs has also become conventional wisdom.

Less attention—certainly in Washington—has been paid to how Asian powers are reaching beyond their borders to spread their influence. Infrastructure investment is a central plot line of this story. Roads, railways and other new connections are reshaping the Eurasian supercontinent and creating new forms of competition as well as cooperation.

For example, the $62 billion China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, or CPEC, will give China access to Pakistan’s Gwadar Port and the Indian Ocean. Just over one hundred kilometers away, India and Japan are developing a competing port in southeastern Iran. Russia is playing both sides, expressing support for CPEC while backing a corridor with India that runs through Iran. Examined closely, these and other projects are windows into national ambitions.

Infrastructure projects not only reflect emerging economic and political realities but can also reshape them. Consider the Trans-Siberian Railway. Its construction helped spark the Russo-Japanese War in 1904. During World War II, it moved Russia’s heavy industries away from enemy lines. More than a century after opening, it still binds the Far East with Moscow and carries over half of the foreign cargo that passes through Russia. Similarly, many of today’s fledgling projects could shape events beyond the twenty-first century.

Since the rise of Europe’s colonial powers in the sixteenth century, Asia’s economic activity has been concentrated on its coastlines. But that could change as China, Japan, Russia and other regional powers connect Asia internally and with Europe by reaching across the Eurasian landmass. Ancient overland routes, harking back to the Silk Road, could be reawakening even as new maritime passages emerge.

At the turn of the last century, the British geographer Halford Mackinder, sometimes called the father of modern geopolitics, wrote, “Is not the pivot region of the world’s politics that vast area of Euro-Asia which is inaccessible to ships, but in antiquity lay open to the horse-riding nomads and is to-day about to be covered with a network of railways?” The same question might be asked today.

The answer could have wide-ranging implications for U.S. foreign policy. Since World War II, successive U.S. administrations have sought to prevent the rise of a hegemonic power in Eurasia. If a great power tries to assume that mantle, it will not do so invisibly, but by physically binding itself with its neighbors, through new railways, ports and other hard infrastructure. Behind many of today’s projects lurk grand ambitions.

THE SHEER scale of Asia’s infrastructure competition is staggering. The region’s infrastructure spending led the world last year, with 552 deals worth a record $131 billion. But Asia’s economies are only investing roughly half as much as they need, according to the Asian Development Bank. To maintain current levels of economic growth, eradicate poverty and respond to climate change, developing Asia alone must spend $26 trillion on infrastructure by 2030. As states ramp up their infrastructure spending to meet these goals, they are advancing rival visions for the region.

Chinese president Xi Jinping’s signature foreign-policy effort, the “Belt and Road” initiative (also known as “One Belt, One Road,” or OBOR) is at the center of this activity. Announced in 2013, OBOR includes an overland Silk Road Economic Belt and an ocean-based 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. It is a hugely ambitious endeavor. Geographically, OBOR could span sixty-five countries responsible for roughly 70 percent of the world’s population. Functionally, it aims to strengthen hard infrastructure, soft infrastructure and even cultural ties. Economically, it could ultimately entail Chinese investments approaching $4 trillion. By comparison, the Marshall Plan would cost roughly $130 billion in today’s terms.

Xi’s vision is already having an impact on business and politics in the region. In 2011, when Hewlett Packard wanted a direct rail connection between China and Europe, it had to start from scratch, work with customs officials and book an entire train. Today, companies can choose from upwards of forty transcontinental routes. In the past two years, direct railway freight shipments have been made for the first time between China and cities in Afghanistan, Iran and the United Kingdom. The changes are perhaps starkest within China, which now has over twenty-two thousand kilometers of high-speed railway track, more than the rest of the world combined.

As Asia’s economic flows shift, so do its political winds. Membership in the AIIB has climbed to eighty countries from all six continents, including numerous allies of the United States. Chinese infrastructure loans have helped persuade the Philippines and Cambodia to reevaluate military or diplomatic ties with the United States. In May, twenty-nine heads of government gathered in Beijing to discuss OBOR. “It is our hope through the Belt and Road development,” Xi said at the summit, “mankind will move closer to a community of common destiny.” But if OBOR is fully realized, the reality will be less egalitarian than Sino-centric: a Eurasian supercontinent where all roads lead to Beijing.

Tokyo sees things differently. Japan is moving to defend its incumbent advantage in Southeast Asia. For example, Prime Minister Shinzo Abe has launched a $200 billion Partnership for High Quality Infrastructure. For countries seeking foreign investment, that phrase is intended to make an implicit appeal: Japanese infrastructure is safer, more dependable and more cost effective than Chinese infrastructure. Competition has been fierce, particularly after China bested Japan for the contract to build Indonesia’s first high-speed railway. According to our “Reconnecting Asia” database, of over two thousand projects, Japan is outspending China on road and railway projects in six of nine Southeast Asian countries. But the margins are slim, and in Cambodia, Laos and Malaysia, China has pulled ahead.

While concentrated on Southeast Asia, Japan’s ambitions extend throughout the broader region. Further west, Tokyo is backing new land and maritime corridors that would increase connectivity between the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. In 2015, Abe became the first sitting Japanese leader to visit all five Central Asian states. Japan’s influence on infrastructure matters is magnified by its leadership in multilateral institutions, notably the Asian Development Bank (ADB), whose presidency it traditionally holds. Through the ADB and bilateral mechanisms, Tokyo is advancing higher standards for infrastructure investment, including environmental and social protections.

Sitting atop the Eurasian supercontinent, Russia casts a large shadow over the region. Due to sanctions and low oil prices, Moscow lacks the financial strength to match Beijing and Tokyo’s infrastructure spending. Instead, it has focused on a handful of strategically important projects. In the north, Russia is pursuing port and energy projects as the Arctic becomes more accessible. To its east, Russia’s primary interest is expanding energy pipelines with China. To its south, Russia aims to increase connectivity with Azerbaijan, Iran and India through the North-South Transport Corridor. To its west, Russia is building a railway bypass around Ukraine and a $4 billion bridge into Crimea.

Moscow has also focused on shaping soft infrastructure, especially economic rules and regulations. Founded in 2015, the Eurasian Economic Union creates a single market between Russia, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. While the economic power of this group is modest, it puts Moscow at the head of the table for deciding on tariffs and customs rules for a large zone through which overland East-West trade routes must pass. Putin and Xi have even spoken publicly about “linking” the Eurasian Economic Union and OBOR, but to date, their rhetoric has not been matched by meaningful changes on the ground

Nearly every country is jockeying to become a central node within emerging networks of transportation, trade and communication. Iran has budgeted 1 percent of its oil revenue toward expanding its railway system, which it plans to double over the next decade. To celebrate its centennial in 2023, Turkey is building thousands of kilometers of new roads and railways. India is aiming to build forty kilometers of roads a day. South Korea’s ambitions extend into the Arctic, where climate change is making shipping lanes more accessible. Some of the most rapid changes are occurring in Southeast Asia, where the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity envisages greater physical, institutional and people-to-people linkages among its ten member countries.

Where is this flurry of activity heading? Collectively, these ambitions could foreshadow a more integrated and dynamic supercontinent, in which commerce, people and ideas move faster than ever before. But there are darker potential paths as well. New connections can also create dependencies between states, exacerbate inequalities within them and produce unintended consequences. After all, Eurasia’s ancient routes carried not only silk and horses, but also Mongol invaders and the bubonic plague.

EURASIA’S INFRASTRUCTURE rivalries consist of a mix of economic, political and strategic forces. The exact balance of these drivers varies greatly, from state to state and even from project to project. Occasionally, they are aligned. But more often, there is friction between competing goals: economic viability, political expediency and strategic clarity.

The strongest driver is Asia’s economic growth. Over the next two years, developing Asia is expected to deliver three-fifths of global growth. Emerging economies like China and India have more capacity to spend and, as the towering estimates of Asia’s infrastructure needs underscore, more reasons to spend. In theory, much of that spending is welcome and well intentioned, but the picture can become more complicated in practice.

Narrower commercial interests are also driving the infrastructure push. Behind China’s OBOR, for example, is an industrial sector whose size far exceeds China’s domestic needs. Having used more cement between 2011 and 2013 than the United States used during the entire twentieth century, China is using OBOR to move its excess capacity into neighboring countries. But China’s problem is too big for others to absorb, and the risk is that OBOR will prolong China’s chronic capacity issues rather than helping address it.

Domestic politics also play a part. From mayors to prime ministers, leaders love ribbon-cutting ceremonies, especially when projects set world records or use new engineering techniques. In 2012, for example, Russia unveiled the world’s longest cable-stayed bridge in advance of hosting the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation summit on Russky Island in the Far East. Attendees enjoyed easier access to the island, but after they departed, only roughly five thousand year-round residentsremained. Large construction projects also offer political leaders the opportunity to direct resources and reward supporters.

Infrastructure can also advance strategic ends. Roads, railways and ports are all dual use and critical for moving military troops and supplies. Controlling these assets also allows countries to restrict access and exert pressure. When a project’s commercial logic is weak, strategic motives are occasionally more apparent. Some observers suspect that Pakistan’s Gwadar Port, for example, will primarily benefit the Chinese navy. History is filled with examples of empires using infrastructure to claim, control and defend territory. The same road network that Darius the Great used to control the Persian Empire was used by Alexander the Great to conquer it.

A more recent development is the use of infrastructure finance to accomplish diplomatic goals. China has used the promise of infrastructure spending to win friends in its near abroad. Take Southeast Asia, where some countries have been offered generous infrastructure packages to support China’s stance on territorial disputes in the South China Sea. Of course, smaller countries know the rules of the game, too. They often play larger powers off against each other, extracting financial and military support and diversifying their diplomatic options. In their first meetings with counterparts from China and Japan, all four of last year’s new Southeast Asian leaders had infrastructure at the top of their wish lists.

FOR ALL the ambitions behind Eurasia’s infrastructure push, many of today’s plans will fail. Infrastructure investment is a notoriously difficult business all over the world, where projects typically run far over cost and over time—if they ever get started at all. The challenges in Eurasia are especially formidable, ranging from hostile geography to weak rule of law.

Having put a man on the moon over four decades ago, many observe, surely modern engineering can conquer our terrestrial environment. But infrastructure projects often traverse challenging terrain. Asia is home to the world’s highest mountains, the largest swamps and flood plains, and permafrost that extends to latitudes lower than anywhere else in the world. Its infrastructure must withstand extreme temperatures, seismic activity and other natural challenges.

The challenges are also man-made. In Pakistan’s volatile Baluchistan Province, for example, separatist groups have killed more than fifty people working on CPEC projects. Islamabad recently deployed fifteen thousand troops to protect workers along the route. States lacking the capacity to secure projects must consider whether to host foreign forces or pay for private-security services. Navigating each of these challenges comes with a financial cost.

In many areas, Eurasia’s legal and governance landscape is not ready for changes to its physical landscape. Corruption looms large, warping everything from contracting and procurement decisions to the operation of infrastructure projects. By some estimates, construction is the world’s most corrupt sector. In Central Asia, fraudsters have been caught setting up fake tollbooths to prey on unsuspecting drivers. Large projects provide ample opportunities to conceal bribes, and many implementing agencies struggle to effectively monitor all the contracting parties involved. Far from being buzzwords, greater transparency and accountability would help these projects succeed.

From project conception to operation, additional legal challenges abound. In South Asia, for example, 75 percent of countries rely on paper records for land rights, leading to confusion and competing ownership claims. Investment protections are often weak, which is why many infrastructure investors avoid developing Asia entirely. Procedures at the border are onerous, sometimes requiring cargo to be transferred to local trucks, for example. Many countries have signed onto transportation agreements but lack the capacity to implement them. International assistance can help, but some poor decisions also reflect the preferences of strong patronage networks. On the Cambodia-Thailand border, for example, a casino was built in the space initially designated for an inspections building.

Increasingly, sustainability is a necessity rather than a luxury. Multilateral institutions condition infrastructure lending on social and environmental impact assessments. But self-interest is a key motivator as well. Through experience, some states have learned that higher-quality infrastructure, the type that meets higher social and environmental standards, is a wise investment. Lower-quality infrastructure is cheaper and might be less expensive in the short term, but it wears down faster and costs more in the long term.

These challenges add up to the biggest hurdle of all: a shortage of bankable projects that offer returns commensurate with their risks. In theory, there are trillions of dollars of investable funds around the world—notably those held by long-term investors, like sovereign wealth funds and pension funds—ready to go into sound infrastructure projects that generate a reliable, long-term return. But all the risks and uncertainties described above can deter even the most intrepid investor. Multilateral institutions are experimenting with novel ways to share risks and attract private capital, but creating enough bankable projects will require wide-ranging political and economic reforms.

Bankability will be even more difficult for Asia’s overland routes than their maritime counterparts. Sea freight is slower than railway and air cargo, but it is considerably cheaper, which is why 90 percent of international trade travels by sea. With the global shipping industry overcapacity, and Arctic routes becoming more accessible, shipping seems primed to continue its dominance. Trade imbalances make it even more difficult to sustain overland routes between Europe and China. A significant portion of rail containers return to China empty. Despite the hype about new railway routes, the maritime realm is likely to be where most of Asia’s economic action remains.

Contrary to popular belief, not all infrastructure projects are economically beneficial or even benign. Economists have demonstratedthat infrastructure can decrease trade costs, boost productivity and increase economic growth. But local conditions, institutions and policies matter greatly. If mishandled or pursued for the wrong reasons, infrastructure projects can destroy more value than they create. Even in the best business environments, projects are usually over time, over cost, under benefit—a troubling reality that Bent Flyvbjerg of Oxford University’s Saïd Business School has dubbed the “Iron Law of Megaprojects.” Our own data suggests there is reason to worry. Of projects in our database that were scheduled for completion last year, more than half failed to meet their deadlines.

Rather than approach megaprojects with caution, some countries are pushing forward and amassing alarming levels of debt. Laos is pursuing a railway project with Chinese loans that amount to nearly half of the country’s GDP. Likewise, the International Monetary Fund, Moody’s and others have expressed concerns about Pakistan’s growing obligations from CPEC. According to Tom Miller of Gavekal Dragonomics, a consultancy, Chinese officials privately expect to lose up to 80 percent of their investment in Pakistan. With China’s own sovereign debt recently downgraded for the first time in nearly thirty years, failed projects could exact a toll on borrower and lender alike. Nor is the broader global economy immune to these risks.

BUT NEW roads, railways and ports are being built, and they could reshape the Eurasian supercontinent. The United States cannot afford to stay aloof from these developments. Sitting an ocean away in either direction, and with plenty of storms swirling at home, it will be tempting for Washington to look the other way. Strategically and economically, that would be a colossal mistake.

History underscores the stakes. The absence of great-power conflict in Eurasia is a recent exception to the historical rule. As the late Zbigniew Brzezinski wrote twenty years ago, “All the historical pretenders to global power originated in Eurasia.” The economic case for engagement is also firmly grounded in history. Over the past seven decades, trade and finance have been the organizing principles for Asian economic integration. While more must be done to compensate globalization’s losers, the United States has clearly benefitted from a more prosperous Asia. With global trade growth slowing, and trade liberalization stalled, infrastructure could be the next natural chapter in the region’s integration. Alongside commercial opportunities for American companies, the United States has a strong interest in ensuring that integration occurs within a framework of high standards and safeguards.

Washington is poorly equipped to respond to these developments. This is a complex competition, involving many of the world’s largest powers. Understanding it requires examining economics and security in tandem, a difficult and largely lost art. Critically, it is a structural shift, unfolding in decades rather than the days or, at best, months that represent Washington’s typical attention span.

Washington does not need a Marshall Plan for Eurasia, but it does need a strategy for shaping emerging infrastructure networks. Rather than throw public money at the region, the United States should better organize and use its current toolkit. It can begin by drawing on U.S. legal, financial and technical expertise to help develop principles for infrastructure investment in the region. These would cover procurement, natural-disaster resilience, environmental and social safeguards, and debt sustainability.

Just as important as crafting these principles is building support for them. Internationally, the United States should forge a consensus around these principles through its influence in multilateral development banks, especially the World Bank, and with like-minded partners, especially Japan and the European Union. It should reinforce these principles in the G-20 and other multilateral bodies. At home, rather than perennially threatening to defund the Export-Import Bank and Overseas Private Investment Corporation, Congress and the White House should double down on these cost-effective tools for supporting U.S. economic and strategic interests abroad.

Done right, these efforts would unleash the formidable U.S. private sector to invest in the Eurasian infrastructure story. With institutional investors managing over $50 trillion globally, there is plenty of capital looking for reasonable and reliable returns. At present, less than 1 percent of that treasure chest goes toward infrastructure investment. By providing greater certainty and expanding the pool of bankable projects, U.S. infrastructure principles would help mobilize private capital looking for higher long-term returns.

Investors and statesmen alike dread uncertainty. Even worse than uncertainty, however, is a rush to judgment. In truth, it is much too early to judge exactly how Eurasia’s infrastructure competition will unfold. But it is not too late for the United States to influence events. When the curtains fall on the twenty-first century, historians may decide whether the post–World War II order more closely followed the arc of Henry V or Hamlet. In Henry V, the protagonist secures a miraculous victory and unites nations. In Hamlet, of course, nearly everyone dies.Matthew P. Goodman is senior adviser for Asian economics and holds the William E. Simon Chair in Political Economy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS). Jonathan E. Hillman is director of the Reconnecting Asia Project at CSIS.

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